What is the primary difference between waves and ocean currents?

Waves involve the oscillatory movement of water particles transferring energy without net mass transport, while ocean currents are the sustained, directional horizontal flow of water masses driven by wind, density differences, and the Coriolis effect.

How do spring tides and neap tides differ in tidal range?

Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the Sun, Moon, and Earth align, producing the maximum tidal range. Neap tides occur during quarter moons when gravitational forces are at right angles, resulting in the minimum tidal range.

Why are western boundary currents like the Gulf Stream faster and narrower than eastern boundary currents?

Western boundary currents are intensified by the Coriolis effect and the westward accumulation of water in subtropical gyres, making them narrow, deep, and swift. Eastern boundary currents are broader, shallower, and slower as they flow equatorward along the eastern ocean margins.