environmental geography - Geography Ebooks | TheGeoecologist

Question 1

What are the main categories of environmental hazards covered in UPSC Geography Optional?

Accepted Answer

Environmental hazards are classified into natural hazards (geophysical like earthquakes, hydrological like floods, meteorological like cyclones, climatological like droughts, biological like epidemics) and anthropogenic hazards (industrial accidents, pollution, nuclear hazards, technological disasters).

Question 2

How does the Sendai Framework guide environmental hazards remedial measures in India?

Accepted Answer

The Sendai Framework (2015-2030) provides four priorities: understanding disaster risk, strengthening governance, investing in DRR, and enhancing preparedness. India aligned its National Disaster Management Plan 2016 with these priorities, establishing a comprehensive legal-institutional framework under the Disaster Management Act 2005.

Question 3

What are ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) measures for environmental hazards?

Accepted Answer

Eco-DRR uses nature-based solutions: mangrove restoration for cyclone/storm surge protection, wetland conservation for flood regulation, afforestation for landslide prevention, coral reef protection for coastal defense, and urban green infrastructure for stormwater management. These provide co-benefits for biodiversity and climate adaptation.

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