Burrard Gansser classification - Geography Ebooks | TheGeoecologist

Question 1

What are the three latitudinal divisions of the Himalayas?

Accepted Answer

The three latitudinal divisions of the Himalayas are the Greater Himalayas (Himadri), the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), and the Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks), classified by geologists Sidney Burrard and August Gansser based on elevation, geology, and tectonic structure.

Question 2

What is the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and why is it important?

Accepted Answer

The Main Central Thrust (MCT) is a major north-dipping thrust fault separating the Greater Himalayas (Himadri) from the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal). It places high-grade metamorphic rocks over low-grade sedimentary rocks, was active 22-15 Ma, and is currently locked, accumulating strain for future large earthquakes.

Question 3

Why are the Shiwaliks prone to landslides and earthquakes?

Accepted Answer

The Shiwaliks consist of unconsolidated Neogene-Quaternary sediments (sandstone, mudstone, conglomerate) and are bounded by the active Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which accommodates ~15-20 mm/yr of convergence. This combination of weak lithology and active tectonics makes them highly susceptible to landslides, liquefaction, and seismic shaking.

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Himalayan Latitudinal Divisions: Complete Guide to Himadri, Himachal & Shiwaliks