What is the definition of ecosystem functioning?

Ecosystem functioning refers to the dynamic processes—such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and biotic interactions—that sustain ecological equilibrium within a natural system.

How does human activity affect ecosystem functioning?

Industrialization, deforestation, and pollution disrupt energy pathways, alter nutrient cycles, and degrade habitats, leading to reduced ecosystem functioning and biodiversity loss.

Why is ecosystem functioning important for UPSC exams?

It underpins key topics in GS and optional papers, enabling aspirants to analyze environmental issues, assess policy impacts, and propose sustainable solutions.