migration geography - Geography Ebooks | TheGeoecologist

Question 1

What are the four streams of internal migration in India according to NCERT?

Accepted Answer

The four streams are Rural to Urban, Rural to Rural, Urban to Urban, and Urban to Rural. Rural to Rural is the largest by volume (mostly marriage-driven), while Rural to Urban drives urbanization and economic transformation.

Question 2

How does the push-pull framework explain migration causes?

Accepted Answer

Push factors (unemployment, drought, conflict) drive people away from origin; pull factors (jobs, education, stability) attract them to destinations. Intervening obstacles (distance, cost, policy) and personal factors mediate the decision.

Question 3

What were the key impacts of COVID-19 reverse migration in India?

Accepted Answer

The 2020 lockdown triggered ~10-12 million migrant workers to return home, exposing gaps in social protection, labor data, inter-state coordination, and housing. It spurred policy reforms like e-Shram, ONORC, and ARHC schemes.

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Migration Types Causes Consequences: Complete NCERT Class 12 Geography Guide

Causes of Migration: Comprehensive Geography Guide to Human Mobility