land acquisition act 2013 - Geography Ebooks | TheGeoecologist

Question 1

What are the main causes of displacement in India?

Accepted Answer

The main causes of displacement in India are large-scale development projects (dams, mining, infrastructure), environmental disasters (floods, landslides, cyclones), conflict and ethnic violence, urban slum clearances, and conservation evictions from protected areas. Development projects alone have displaced over 60 million people since 1947.

Question 2

What does the Land Acquisition Act 2013 provide for displaced persons?

Accepted Answer

The Land Acquisition Act 2013 mandates compensation at 2-4 times market value (rural/urban) plus 100% solatium, requires 70-80% consent for private/PPP projects, mandates Social Impact Assessment, and makes rehabilitation and resettlement legally binding. However, 2015 amendments diluted consent and SIA requirements.

Question 3

Why do rehabilitation efforts fail in India?

Accepted Answer

Rehabilitation fails due to: uncultivable or water-scarce resettlement land, absence of schools and healthcare, loss of livelihood skills (e.g., fisherfolk moved inland), fragmentation of community networks, delayed infrastructure, and lack of enforcement mechanisms. Only 24% of resettlement sites have all basic amenities.

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Politics of Displacement: Relief, Compensation & Rehabilitation in India